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Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Tridax Procumbens Plant (A Case Study of Gashaka Village, Hong L. G. A., Adamawa State, Nigeria)

Received: 13 January 2019     Accepted: 26 February 2019     Published: 18 March 2019
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Abstract

Water is an essential element for the sustainability of human life on earth. Thus, portable drinking water is scarce and not readily available to all. Rural communities consume contaminated water and take ill periodically, which later results in epidemics. Contamination of drinking water may be caused by natural sources or industrial effluents due to domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. One of such contaminants is fluoride which is a salt of the element fluorine. Several treatment technologies for removing fluoride from groundwater have been investigated. This study focused on providing potable drinking water with fluoride level within the limit specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the people of Gashaka village. To achieve this, fluoride concentration and some physical properties in the water sample were determined. Subsequently, treatment of the sample by herbal means using activated carbon prepared from the stem of Tridax procumbens was carried out to prevent or minimise the effects of fluoride on human health such as skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, fractures in bones, immune deficiency, cancer and other diseases caused by high concentration of fluoride in water since it possesses properties capable of greatly reducing fluoride concentration. The experimental result shows that fluoride concentration in the sample obtained was 2.3 mg/l which exceeds the 0.7 mg/l - 1.2 mg/l range recommended by WHO. The effective contact time for fluoride removal was found to be 6 hours while the maximum dose of activated carbon for the effective removal of fluoride concentration in 100 mg of water was found to be 1.05 g which removed 85.6%. However, subsequent addition of the activated carbon tends to increase fluoride concentration in the sample.

Published in International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11
Page(s) 1-5
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Activated Carbon, Defluoridation, Flouride, Portable Water, Tridax Procumbens

References
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[2] S. Abubakar, I. M. Lawal, I. Hassan, A. H. Jagaba (2016). Quality Water Analysis of Public and Private Boreholes (A Case Study of Azare Town, Bauchi, Nigeria). Americal Journal of Engineering Research 5(2):204-208.
[3] O. F. Nwabor, E. I. Nnamonu, P. E. Martins, & O. C. Ani (2016). Water and Waterborne Diseases. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health.
[4] A. V. Jamode, V. S. Sapkal and V. S. Jamode (2004). Defluoridation of Water Using Inexpensive Adsorbents, J. Indian Inst. Sci., 84:163 – 171.
[5] World Health Organization (2004). Fluoride in drinking-water, background document for development of who guidelines for drinking-water quality.
[6] M. Aghaei, M. Darakhshari, M. Raoof, M. Deligahi, and A. H. Mahvi (2015). Effect of fluoride in drinking water on birth height and weight. Research report Fluoride 48(2):160-168.
[7] L. Aggerborn and M. Othman (2016) The Effects of Flouride in the Drinking Water. JEL Classification: I10, H42: I18.
[8] S. Nazneen (2012). Study of Fluoride Concentration in the River (Godavari) and Groundwater of Nanded City. International Journal of Engineering Inventions. 1(1):11-15.
[9] M. Singanan (2013). Excessive Fluoride in drinking water can affect human health. Int. J. of Environmental Engineering, 5(2):150 – 160.
[10] G. Gayathri, B. C. Kumar Raju, D. S. Reddy and M. Beulah (2017). Defluoridation of Ground Water Using Low-Cost Adsorbents. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering. 10(5):967-972.
[11] N. A. Ingle, H. V. Dubey, N. Kaur, & A. Nagpal, (2014) Defluoridating Water. British Dental Journal 216:437.
[12] A. H. Jagaba, S. Abubakar, I. M. Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, I. Umaru, (2018). Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite, and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. International Journal of Engineering Management. 2(3):67-75.
[13] S. P. H. Puthenveedu, J. Chonattu, M. Tharayil (2012). Defluoridation of water using biosorbents. Natural Science, 4(4):245-251.
[14] M. Suneetha and K. Ravindhranath (2012). Removal of Nitrite from Polluted Waters using Bio-sorbents derived from Powders of Leaves, Barks or Stems of Some Herbal Plants. International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(1):24-34.
[15] S. S. Pingale (2013). Study of Antimicrobial Potential of Tridax Procumbens L. Int. J. Bioassays, 2(6):866-869.
[16] N. H. Pathode and D. V. Parwate (2015). Separation of Ni(II) and Hg(II) ions from synthetic wastewater by adsorption on activated carbon derived from Tridax procumbens. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 4(12).
[17] T. K. Rao, I. V. Kasiviswanath and Y. L. N. Murthy (2009). Defluoridation of water by nanotechnology. Journal of Water Science & Technology. 9.5:485-491.
[18] APHA (2005). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington. 21st Edition.
[19] P. C. Raghavendra, H. S. Manjunath & K. S. Jayantha (2015). Defluoridation studies using activated carbon prepared from ‘Tridax procumben’ plant. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6.
[20] C. Janardhana, G. N. Rao, R. S. Sathish & V S. Lakshman (2006). Study on defluoridation of drinking water by impregnation of metal ions in activated charcoal. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 13:414-416.
[21] World Health Organization (2007). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Mohammed Abdu Nasara, Safiya Muhammad Jagaba, Hayatu Mohammed Chamah, et al. (2019). Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Tridax Procumbens Plant (A Case Study of Gashaka Village, Hong L. G. A., Adamawa State, Nigeria). International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11

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    ACS Style

    Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Sule Abubakar; Mohammed Abdu Nasara; Safiya Muhammad Jagaba; Hayatu Mohammed Chamah, et al. Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Tridax Procumbens Plant (A Case Study of Gashaka Village, Hong L. G. A., Adamawa State, Nigeria). Int. J. Comput. Theor. Chem. 2019, 7(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11

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    AMA Style

    Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Mohammed Abdu Nasara, Safiya Muhammad Jagaba, Hayatu Mohammed Chamah, et al. Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Tridax Procumbens Plant (A Case Study of Gashaka Village, Hong L. G. A., Adamawa State, Nigeria). Int J Comput Theor Chem. 2019;7(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11,
      author = {Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba and Sule Abubakar and Mohammed Abdu Nasara and Safiya Muhammad Jagaba and Hayatu Mohammed Chamah and Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal},
      title = {Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Tridax Procumbens Plant (A Case Study of Gashaka Village, Hong L. G. A., Adamawa State, Nigeria)},
      journal = {International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry},
      volume = {7},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-5},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijctc.20190701.11},
      abstract = {Water is an essential element for the sustainability of human life on earth. Thus, portable drinking water is scarce and not readily available to all. Rural communities consume contaminated water and take ill periodically, which later results in epidemics. Contamination of drinking water may be caused by natural sources or industrial effluents due to domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. One of such contaminants is fluoride which is a salt of the element fluorine. Several treatment technologies for removing fluoride from groundwater have been investigated. This study focused on providing potable drinking water with fluoride level within the limit specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the people of Gashaka village. To achieve this, fluoride concentration and some physical properties in the water sample were determined. Subsequently, treatment of the sample by herbal means using activated carbon prepared from the stem of Tridax procumbens was carried out to prevent or minimise the effects of fluoride on human health such as skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, fractures in bones, immune deficiency, cancer and other diseases caused by high concentration of fluoride in water since it possesses properties capable of greatly reducing fluoride concentration. The experimental result shows that fluoride concentration in the sample obtained was 2.3 mg/l which exceeds the 0.7 mg/l - 1.2 mg/l range recommended by WHO. The effective contact time for fluoride removal was found to be 6 hours while the maximum dose of activated carbon for the effective removal of fluoride concentration in 100 mg of water was found to be 1.05 g which removed 85.6%. However, subsequent addition of the activated carbon tends to increase fluoride concentration in the sample.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Tridax Procumbens Plant (A Case Study of Gashaka Village, Hong L. G. A., Adamawa State, Nigeria)
    AU  - Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
    AU  - Sule Abubakar
    AU  - Mohammed Abdu Nasara
    AU  - Safiya Muhammad Jagaba
    AU  - Hayatu Mohammed Chamah
    AU  - Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal
    Y1  - 2019/03/18
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11
    T2  - International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry
    JF  - International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry
    JO  - International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 5
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2376-7308
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijctc.20190701.11
    AB  - Water is an essential element for the sustainability of human life on earth. Thus, portable drinking water is scarce and not readily available to all. Rural communities consume contaminated water and take ill periodically, which later results in epidemics. Contamination of drinking water may be caused by natural sources or industrial effluents due to domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. One of such contaminants is fluoride which is a salt of the element fluorine. Several treatment technologies for removing fluoride from groundwater have been investigated. This study focused on providing potable drinking water with fluoride level within the limit specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the people of Gashaka village. To achieve this, fluoride concentration and some physical properties in the water sample were determined. Subsequently, treatment of the sample by herbal means using activated carbon prepared from the stem of Tridax procumbens was carried out to prevent or minimise the effects of fluoride on human health such as skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, fractures in bones, immune deficiency, cancer and other diseases caused by high concentration of fluoride in water since it possesses properties capable of greatly reducing fluoride concentration. The experimental result shows that fluoride concentration in the sample obtained was 2.3 mg/l which exceeds the 0.7 mg/l - 1.2 mg/l range recommended by WHO. The effective contact time for fluoride removal was found to be 6 hours while the maximum dose of activated carbon for the effective removal of fluoride concentration in 100 mg of water was found to be 1.05 g which removed 85.6%. However, subsequent addition of the activated carbon tends to increase fluoride concentration in the sample.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education, Katsina, Nigeria

  • Federal Road Safety Corps, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

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